Agile Software Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Agile Software Development - Research Paper Example Agile accelerates the development process while maintaining the flexibility of adjusting to changing requirements through iterative development (Dingsoyr et al., 2010, p. 33). This report gives an overview of agile method of software development. It presents a brief technical comparison with the traditional, non-iterative waterfall model, the intent and guiding principles for agile methods, the people involved its advantages and disadvantages, two common agile methodologies and lastly the future of agile. 2. Agile vs. Waterfall In contrast to the traditional non-incremental models such as waterfall, agile does not have distinct phases of capturing requirements, forming architecture and design, development, testing and incorporating feedback as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Waterfall Model In agile all these phases are meshed up as can be seen in Figure 2. The intent is to develop a feature set in a way the customer wants. A release of the system is built on the initial requirements wit h respect to the features set provided by the customer, the miniature system is then tested by the customer, requirements are revised and readjusted into the release and then the new system release based on some other remaining features is built. Hence, there is only one similarity present between the traditional non-iterative waterfall model and agile model which is with regards to the testing phase. Agile model has a distinct testing phase as well which is a common process in all of the iterations. Generally, the testing phase comprises of two categories of testing; unit testing done from developer’s perspective and acceptance testing carried out from customer’s perspective. ... The difference lies in the fact that in agile, the developers and the customers are in close communication with each other while in waterfall, the case is different. In waterfall, the testing is done as per the set of requirements and design details initially put together in form of documents in the initial phases of the software cycle. Customer involvement is limited to merely the requirements capturing phase. Any change of requirements on part of customer is not guaranteed to be incorporated in the system. Therefore, agile provides a worthwhile alternative to the heavy-weight document-driven software development methodologies such as waterfall. 3. Agile vs. Rapid Application Development Agile is an incremental model similar to Rapid application development (RAD) model (Linger & Fisher, 2004, p. 180). Figure 3 shows the RAD process. In RAD, initial set of requirements are used to design a prototype for customers to test. The prototype helps customers in realizing the system requirem ents as mostly the customers are unaware of what they want. Figure 3 Rapid Application Development In agile, the underlying model is the same as RAD except that the delivery is made in form of releases that contain a subset of features. Unlike prototypes in RAD, these releases are supposed to be complete miniature software fulfilling a portion of the feature set. The customer defines a set of features and provides a brief detail of how the system must offer these features. A release based on a subset of the features is built within a specified interval and is tested for acceptance by the customer. Any changes requested are adjusted through constant cooperation with the

VIVA examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

VIVA examination - Essay Example In his statement, the defendant states that he is married and operates a business that employs two individuals. According to the witness statements document 3 and 4 the defendant did not resist arrest and complied with the arresting officers when he was arrested. When the defendant was granted the pre-charge bail, he did not abscond and willingly returned to the police station to be interviewed on the second occasion. From his antecedents it is also evident that the defendant was born in Lymeshire and has a permanent address. The defendant does not have any outstanding bail commitment and has not made attempt to return to The Void. The Bail Act 1976 provides that the court should presume that the defendant should be granted bail unless there are circumstances to justify refusal of bail. Part II of the act provides circumstances when the defendant need not be granted bail. These circumstances include where it is apparent to the court that the defendant failed to surrender to custody in accordance to bail conditions in a previous bail commitment. The court can also refuse to grant bail if it believes that the defendant was on bail when the offence was committed. Additionally, the court need not grant bail if it is satisfied that there are reasons to believe that the defendant would commit a crime while on bail, refuse to commit to custody, interfere with witness or obstruct justice. Furthermore, the court should not grant bail to the defendant if it is satisfied that the defendant should remain in custody for his own protection (Loveless, 2008). From the defendants statement of proof it is apparent that the defendant did not fail to surrender to custody in accordance to the conditions of the pre-charge bail. The defendant was not on bail when the alleged crime was committed. There is no evidence on record or reason to believe that the defendant would commit a crime while on bail. The defendant does not intend to refuse to commit to

Coach Johnson Essay Example for Free

Coach Johnson Essay 1.Some Various forms of power include coercive, compliance gaining, expert, and reward power (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg. 229-230). The kind of power that Coach Johnson has on his team very to comply with coach Johnson’s goals like going to the championships. 2.The turning point was when Gilbert decided to go talk to Coach Johnson because from there and on Coach Johnson yelled at gilbert had a bad conversation. Yes I think it was the same turning point for Coach Johnson because he felt more frustrated because he does not like people telling how to run things. If one has a positive turning point and the other has a negative, the person with the positive turning point might be calmer and actually talk things out. 3.The turmoil stage, the conflict was increase and unclear relationship happened when Gilbert approach the Coach. The stagnation stage, communication declined and both took each other for granted because they were mad at each other, Gilbert because he wanted more playing time and Coach Johnson because he doesn’t like people telling him how to run things. The de-intensification stage, decreased interaction and distance both were to mad at each other that they didn’t want to talk. The individualization stage, when both are more individual than being more of a team. The separation stage, when they try to eliminate further communication between them, this is when Coach Johnson decides to put James over Gilbert. The final stage is post-interaction stage, this happened when gilbert wants to quit the team and go his separate way. (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg. 263-265) 4.Social exchange theory is an economic model of human behavior used to explain how people arrive at decisions, posits that people seek the greatest amount of reward with the least amount of cost (Interpersonal Communication: Relating to others pg.267). Well the cost would be the relationship and the rewards would be the rewards you are gaining from the relationship. Coach Johnson decided to put James in instead of Gilbert because he was not gaining any rewards from Gilbert because Gilbert was not playing good. 5.Attitude can be communicated verbally when Gilbert talked back to his coach. Attitude can also be communicated verbally when Gilbert talked back to his coach. Attitude can also be communicated non-verbally, this happened when his teammates seen Gilbert always mad through his face expression. Attitude affects long term relationships because when people have an attitude they tend to say things they don’t  mean. Gilbert might want to recognize his mistakes in the games and work harder and talk to Coach Johnson when he is calmer and relaxed, Gilbert should also apologizing to his team for not being his best on team.

Developing Health Policies Essay -- Health Care

Health policies are developed and changed in order to improve access to care, control costs and expand quality. Each country will have its own challenges in accomplishing these goals dependent on the diversities of the population, including wealth, sanitation, education, location, and lifestyles. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) changed the payment methodology for Medicare Advantage plans to a model that provides resources based on the chronic conditions being cared for in the senior population. CMS had the three goals in mind with the creation of the Risk Adjustment Model. This policy change took ten years to implement fully. The difficulties and trials of developing health policies have no easy answers or fixes, but are meant to improve the health of the citizens of the country creating the policies. Challenges in Policy Development Level of care provided In an article by Jamison and Mosley (1991), they write the policy debate in international health has often been polarized around conflicting viewpoints on such issues as preventive versus curative services, selective versus comprehensive primary health care, or integrated versus vertical programs. As we approach the 21st century, it is becoming clear that framing the issues in these terms will not enlighten the policy process, primarily because it limits the options largely to actions that can be carried out directly by ministries of health. Profound social and economic transformations are projected to impact on health in the developing countries in the 1990s and beyond; implications for the epidemiological profiles of these countries will be dramatic. A more comprehensive analytical approach is required to formulate health policies that will not only respond t... ...easibly be provided, and what can be afforded is extremely important. No health policy will be perfect, but hopefully one can be established that will promote health care, education and healthy environments for a majority of a countries population. Works Cited Jamison, Dean T. and Mosley, W. Henry (1991). Developing Countries: Health policy responses to epidemiological change. American Journal of Public Health, 81(1), 15-17. Mercurio, B. (2007). Resolving the public health crisis in the developing world: problems and barriers of access to essential medicines. Northwest University Journal of International Human Rights, 5(1). Tantivess, S., Teerawattananon, Y., & Mills, A. (2009). Strengthening Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Thailand through the Establishment of the Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program. Pharmacoeconomics, 27(11), 931-945.

Hw Answer Operation Management Heizer Ch 4

4. 9 [pic] (c)? MAD (two-month moving average) = . 075 MAD (three-month moving average) = . 088 |Table for Problem 4. (a, b, c) | | | | |Forecast | ||Error| | | | |Two-Month |Three-Month |Two-Month |Three-Month | | |Price per |Moving |Moving |Moving |Moving | |Month |Chip |Average |Average |Average |Average | |January |$1. 0 | | | | | |February |? 1. 67 | | | | | |March |? 1. 70 |1. 735 | |. 035 | | |April |? 1. 85 |1. 685 |1. 723 |. 165 |. 127 | |May |? 1. 90 |1. 775 |1. 740 |. 125 |. 160 | |June |? 1. 87 |1. 75 |1. 817 |. 005 |. 053 | |July |? 1. 80 |1. 885 |1. 873 |. 085 |. 073 | |August |? 1. 83 |1. 835 |1. 857 |. 005 |. 027 | |September |? 1. 70 |1. 815 |1. 833 |. 115 |. 133 | |October |? 1. 65 |1. 765 |1. 777 |. 115 |. 127 | |November |? 1. 70 |1. 675 |1. 27 |. 025 |. 027 | |December |? 1. 75 |1. 675 |1. 683 |. 075 |. 067 | | | | |Totals |. 750| |. 793| | | | | | | | | | | |4. 9 |(d)? Table for Problem 4. 9(d): | | | | |( = . 1 | | |( = . 3 | | |( = . | |Month |Price per Chip |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| | |January |$1. 80 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 | |February |1. 67 |1. 80 |. 13 |? 1. 80 | . 13 |? 1. 80 |. 13 | |March |1. 70 |1. 79 |. 09 |? 1. 76 | . 06 |? 1. 74 |. 04 | |April |1. 85 |1. 78 |. 07 |? 1. 74 | . 11 |? 1. 72 |. 13 | |May |1. 0 |1. 79 |. 11 |? 1. 77 | . 13 |? 1. 78 |. 12 | |June |1. 87 |1. 80 |. 07 |? 1. 81 | . 06 |? 1. 84 |. 03 | |July |1. 80 |1. 80 |. 00 |? 1. 83 | . 03 |? 1. 86 |. 06 | |August |1. 83 |1. 80 |. 03 |? 1. 82 | . 01 |? 1. 83 |. 00 | |September |1. 70 |1. 81 |. 11 |? 1. 82 | . 12 |? 1. 83 |. 13 | |October |1. 65 |1. 80 |. 5 |? 1. 79 | . 14 |? 1. 76 |. 11 | |November |1. 70 |1. 78 |. 08 |? 1. 75 | . 05 |? 1. 71 |. 01 | |December |1. 75 |1. 77 |. 02 |? 1. 73 | . 02 |? 1. 70 |. 05 | | | | | 4. 41? (a)? It appears from the following graph that the points do scatter around a straight line. [pic] (b)? Developing the regression relationship, we have: (Summer |Tourists |Ridership | | | | |months) |(Millions) |(1,000,000s) | | | | |Year |(X) |(Y) |X2 |Y2 |XY | |? 1 |? 7 |1. 5 |? 49 |? 2. 25 |10. 5 | |? 2 |? 2 |1. 0 | 4 |? 1. 00 |? 2. 0 | |? 3 |? 6 |1. 3 |? 36 |? 1. 69 |? 7. 8 | |? 4 |? 4 |1. 5 |? 16 |? 2. 25 |? 6. 0 | |? 5 |14 |2. 5 |196 |? 6. 25 |35. 0 | |? |15 |2. 7 |225 |? 7. 29 |40. 5 | |? 7 |16 |2. 4 |256 |? 5. 76 |38. 4 | |? 8 |12 |2. 0 |144 |? 4. 00 |24. 0 | |? 9 |14 |2. 7 |196 |? 7. 29 |37. 8 | |10 |20 |4. 4 |400 |19. 36 |88. 0 | |11 |15 |3. 4 |225 |11. 56 |51. 0 | |12 |? 7 |1. 7 |? 49 |? 2. 89 |11. 9 | and (X = 132, (Y = 27. 1, (XY = 352. 9, (X2 = 1796, (Y2 = 71. 59, [pic] = 11, [pic]= 2. 6. Then: [pic] andY = 0. 511 + 0. 159X (c)? Given a tourist population of 10,000,000, the model predicts a ridership of: Y = 0. 511 + 0. 159 ( 10 = 2. 101, or 2,101,000 persons. (d)? If there are no tourists at all, the model predicts a ridership of 0. 511, or 511,000 persons. One would not place much confidence in this forecast, however, because the number of tourists (ze ro) is outside the range of data used to develop the model. (e)? The standard error of the estimate is given by: (f)? The correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination are given by: [pic] ———————– [pic][pic] Hw Answer Operation Management Heizer Ch 4 4. 9 [pic] (c)? MAD (two-month moving average) = . 075 MAD (three-month moving average) = . 088 |Table for Problem 4. (a, b, c) | | | | |Forecast | ||Error| | | | |Two-Month |Three-Month |Two-Month |Three-Month | | |Price per |Moving |Moving |Moving |Moving | |Month |Chip |Average |Average |Average |Average | |January |$1. 0 | | | | | |February |? 1. 67 | | | | | |March |? 1. 70 |1. 735 | |. 035 | | |April |? 1. 85 |1. 685 |1. 723 |. 165 |. 127 | |May |? 1. 90 |1. 775 |1. 740 |. 125 |. 160 | |June |? 1. 87 |1. 75 |1. 817 |. 005 |. 053 | |July |? 1. 80 |1. 885 |1. 873 |. 085 |. 073 | |August |? 1. 83 |1. 835 |1. 857 |. 005 |. 027 | |September |? 1. 70 |1. 815 |1. 833 |. 115 |. 133 | |October |? 1. 65 |1. 765 |1. 777 |. 115 |. 127 | |November |? 1. 70 |1. 675 |1. 27 |. 025 |. 027 | |December |? 1. 75 |1. 675 |1. 683 |. 075 |. 067 | | | | |Totals |. 750| |. 793| | | | | | | | | | | |4. 9 |(d)? Table for Problem 4. 9(d): | | | | |( = . 1 | | |( = . 3 | | |( = . | |Month |Price per Chip |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| |Forecast ||Error| | |January |$1. 80 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 |$1. 80 |$. 00 | |February |1. 67 |1. 80 |. 13 |? 1. 80 | . 13 |? 1. 80 |. 13 | |March |1. 70 |1. 79 |. 09 |? 1. 76 | . 06 |? 1. 74 |. 04 | |April |1. 85 |1. 78 |. 07 |? 1. 74 | . 11 |? 1. 72 |. 13 | |May |1. 0 |1. 79 |. 11 |? 1. 77 | . 13 |? 1. 78 |. 12 | |June |1. 87 |1. 80 |. 07 |? 1. 81 | . 06 |? 1. 84 |. 03 | |July |1. 80 |1. 80 |. 00 |? 1. 83 | . 03 |? 1. 86 |. 06 | |August |1. 83 |1. 80 |. 03 |? 1. 82 | . 01 |? 1. 83 |. 00 | |September |1. 70 |1. 81 |. 11 |? 1. 82 | . 12 |? 1. 83 |. 13 | |October |1. 65 |1. 80 |. 5 |? 1. 79 | . 14 |? 1. 76 |. 11 | |November |1. 70 |1. 78 |. 08 |? 1. 75 | . 05 |? 1. 71 |. 01 | |December |1. 75 |1. 77 |. 02 |? 1. 73 | . 02 |? 1. 70 |. 05 | | | | | 4. 41? (a)? It appears from the following graph that the points do scatter around a straight line. [pic] (b)? Developing the regression relationship, we have: (Summer |Tourists |Ridership | | | | |months) |(Millions) |(1,000,000s) | | | | |Year |(X) |(Y) |X2 |Y2 |XY | |? 1 |? 7 |1. 5 |? 49 |? 2. 25 |10. 5 | |? 2 |? 2 |1. 0 | 4 |? 1. 00 |? 2. 0 | |? 3 |? 6 |1. 3 |? 36 |? 1. 69 |? 7. 8 | |? 4 |? 4 |1. 5 |? 16 |? 2. 25 |? 6. 0 | |? 5 |14 |2. 5 |196 |? 6. 25 |35. 0 | |? |15 |2. 7 |225 |? 7. 29 |40. 5 | |? 7 |16 |2. 4 |256 |? 5. 76 |38. 4 | |? 8 |12 |2. 0 |144 |? 4. 00 |24. 0 | |? 9 |14 |2. 7 |196 |? 7. 29 |37. 8 | |10 |20 |4. 4 |400 |19. 36 |88. 0 | |11 |15 |3. 4 |225 |11. 56 |51. 0 | |12 |? 7 |1. 7 |? 49 |? 2. 89 |11. 9 | and (X = 132, (Y = 27. 1, (XY = 352. 9, (X2 = 1796, (Y2 = 71. 59, [pic] = 11, [pic]= 2. 6. Then: [pic] andY = 0. 511 + 0. 159X (c)? Given a tourist population of 10,000,000, the model predicts a ridership of: Y = 0. 511 + 0. 159 ( 10 = 2. 101, or 2,101,000 persons. (d)? If there are no tourists at all, the model predicts a ridership of 0. 511, or 511,000 persons. One would not place much confidence in this forecast, however, because the number of tourists (ze ro) is outside the range of data used to develop the model. (e)? The standard error of the estimate is given by: (f)? The correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination are given by: [pic] ———————– [pic][pic]

Chinese Fable Stories With Morals

Many Chinese fables tell an entertaining story to illustrate a moral lesson. Here are a few such stories. Stopping Halfway, Never Comes Ones Day In the Warring States Period, in the state of Wei lived a man called Leyangtsi. His wife was very angelic and virtuous, who was loved and respected dearly by the husband. One day, Leyangtsi found a piece of gold on his way home, and he was so delighted that he ran home as fast as he could to tell his wife. Looking at the gold, his wife said calmly and gently, As you know, it is usually said that a true man never drinks the stolen water. How can you take such a piece of gold home which is not yours? Leyangtsi was greatly moved by the words, and he immediately replaced it where it was. The next year, Leyangtsi went to a distant place to study classics with a talented teacher, leaving his wife home alone. One day, his wife was weaving on the loom, when Leyangtsi entered. At his coming, the wife seemed to be worried, and she at once asked the reason why he came back so soon. The husband explained how he missed her. The wife got angry with what the husband did. Advising her husband to have  fortitude and not be too indulged in the love, the wife took up a pair of scissors and cut down what she had woven on the loom, which made Leyangtsi very puzzled. His wife declared, If something is stopped halfway, it is just like the cut cloth on the loom. The cloth will only be useful if finished. But now, it has been nothing but a mess, and so it is with your study. Leyangtsi was greatly moved by his wife. He left home resolutely and went on with his study. He didnt return home to see his beloved wife until gaining great achievements. For centuries, the story has often been used as a model to inspire those who would back out in competitions. Ask a Fox for Its Skin Long ago, there lived a young man, called Lisheng, who had just married a beauty. The bride was very willful. One day, she had an idea that a coat of fox fur would look pretty on her. So she asked her husband to get her one. But the coat was rare and too expensive. The helpless husband was forced to walk around on the hillside. Just at the moment, a fox was walking by. He lost no time to catch it by the tail. Well, dear fox, lets make an agreement. Could you offer me a sheet of your skin? That isnt a big deal, is it? The fox was shocked at the request, but she replied calmly, Well, my dear, thats easy. But let my tail go so that I can pull off the skin for you. So the delighted man let her free and waited for the skin. But the moment the fox got free, she ran away as quickly as she could into the forest. The story can be used to illustrate that it is hard to ask someone to act against his own will, even in a seemingly negligible manner. Bian Hehs Jade In the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian Heh in the Chu state got a rough jade on Mount Chu. He decided to present the valuable jade to the emperor to show his official loyalty to his sovereign, Chuli. Unluckily, the jade was judged as a common stone by the court jaders—those who worked with and estimated the value of jade in ancient China—which made Emperor Chuli very angry and had Bian Hehs left foot cut down cruelly. After the enthronement of the new emperor Chuwu, Bian Heh decided to submit the jade to Chuwu to clarify matters. Emperor Chuwu also had it checked by the jaders in the court. And the conclusion resulted in the same fact that Bian Heh lost the other foot. After the death of Emperor Chuwu, the prince Chuwen was enthroned, that gave the poor Bian Heh a gleam of light of proving his clear conscience. However, the moment he thought of what he had incurred, he couldnt help crying beside a hill. He could not stop crying for several days and nights; he almost wept his heart out and even blood was dropping from his eyes. And it happened to be heard by the emperor in the court. He ordered his men to find out why he was so sad. Bian Heh sobbed out Call a spade a spade. Why was a real jade mistaken as a plain stone again and again? Why was a loyal man thought faithless time and time? Emperor Chuwen was touched by Bian Hehs deep grief and ordered the jaders to open the jade to have a close look. To their astonishment, in the rough coat, the pure content was sparkling and translucent. Then it was carefully cut and polished fine and at last, the jade became a rare treasure of the state of Chu. In memory of the faithful man Bian Heh, the Emperor nam ed the jade by Bian Heh. And so the term Bians Jade came into being. Even today, people describe something extremely precious in its value with Bians Jade. Cheap Tricks Never Last: The Donkey of Guizhou Thousands of years ago, donkeys were not found in Guizhou province. But meddlers were always allured by anything. So they shipped one into this area. One day, a tiger was walking around to find something to eat, when he saw the strange animal. The huge newcomer frightened him quite a bit. He hid between the bushes to study the donkey watchfully. It seemed all right. So the tiger came near to the donkey to have a close look. Hawhee!—a loud noise burst upon, which sent the tiger running away as fast as he could. He could not have any time to think before he settled himself home. The humiliation stung in him. He must come back to that strange thing to see it through, even though he was still haunted by the terrible noise. The donkey was enraged when the tiger got too close. So the donkey brought his unique skill to bear on the offender—to kick with his hooves. After several bouts, it became very clear that the donkeys power was too much. The tiger jumped upon the donkey in time and cut its throat. People are usually told the story to illustrate the limitations of tricks and trickery. A Painted Snake Makes a Man Sick In the Jin Dynasty, there lived a man named Le Guang, who had a bold and uninhibited character and was very friendly. One day Le Guang sent for one of his close friends since the friend had not turned out for long. At the first sight of his friend, Le Guang realized that something must have happened to his friend for his friend has no peace of mind all the time. So he asked his friend what was the matter. It was all because of that banquet held at your home. At the banquet, you proposed a toast to me and just when we raised the glasses, I noticed that there was a little snake lying in the wine and I felt particularly sick. Since then, I lay in bed unable to do anything. Le Guang was very puzzled at the matter. He looked around and then saw a bow with a painted snake hung on the wall of his room. So Le Guang laid the table at the original place and asked his friend again to have a drink. When the glass was filled with wine, he pointed to the shade of the bow in the glass and asked his friend to see. His friend observed nervously, Well, well, that is what I saw last time. It is the same snake. Le Guang laughed and took off the bow on the wall. Could you see the snake anymore? he asked. His friend was surprised to find that the snake was no longer in the wine. Since the whole truth had come out, his friend recovered from his prolonged illness right away. For thousands of years, the story has been told to advise people not to be too suspicious unnecessarily. KuaFu Chased the Sun It is said that in antiquity a god named KuaFu determined to have a race with the Sun and catch up with Him. So he rushed in the direction of the Sun. Finally, he almost ran neck and neck with the Sun, when he was too thirsty and hot to continue. Where could he find some water? Just then the Yellow River and Wei River came into sight, roaring on. He swooped upon them earnestly and drank the whole river. But he still felt thirsty and hot, thereupon, he marched northward for the lakes in the north of China. Unfortunately, he fell down and died halfway because of thirst. With his fall, his cane dropped. Then the cane became a stretch of peach, green and lush. From this fable came the idiom, KuaFu chased the Sun, which becomes the trope of mans determination and volition against nature.   Fish for the Moon in the Well One evening, a clever man, Huojia went to fetch some water from the well. To his surprise, when he looked into the well, he found the moon sunk in the well shining. Oh, good Heavens, what a pity! The beautiful moon has dropped into the well! So he dashed home for a hook, and tied it with the rope for his bucket, then put it into the well to fish for the moon. After some time of hunting for the moon, Haojia was pleased to find that something was caught by the  hook.  He must have thought it was the moon. He pulled hard  on  the rope. Due to the excessive pulling, the rope broke into apart and Haojia fell flat on his back. Taking advantage of that post, Haojia saw the moon again high in the sky. He sighed with emotion, Aha, it finally came back to its place! What a good job! He felt very happy and told whomever he met with about the wonderment proudly without knowing what he did was something impractical.

A Close Look at the Singapore Math Method

One of the harder things parents have to do when it comes to their child’s schooling is understand a new method of learning. As the Singapore Math Method gains popularity, it’s starting to be used in more schools across the nation, leaving more parents to figure out what this method is all about. A close look at the philosophy and framework of Singapore Math can make it easier to understand what’s going on in your child’s classroom. The Singapore Math Framework The framework of Singapore Math is developed around the idea that learning to problem-solve and develop mathematical thinking are the key factors in being successful in math.The framework states: â€Å"The development of mathematical problem-solving ability is dependent on five inter-related components, namely, Concepts, Skills, Processes, Attitudes, and Metacognition.†Looking at each component individually makes it easier to understand how they fit together to help children gain skills that can help them solve both abstract and real-world problems. 1. Concepts When children learn mathematical concepts, they are exploring the ideas of branches of math like numbers, geometry, algebra, statistics and probability, and data analysis. They’re not necessarily learning how to work the problems or the formulas that go with them, but rather gaining an in-depth understanding of what all of these things represent and look like.It’s important for kids to learn that all of math works together and that, for example, addition doesn’t stand by itself as an operation, it carries on and is a part of all the other math concepts as well. Concepts are reinforced using math manipulatives and other practical, concrete materials. 2. Skills Once students have a solid grasp of the concepts, it’s time to move on to learning how to work with those concepts. In other words, once the students have an understanding of the ideas, they can learn the procedures and formulas that go with them. This way the skills are anchored to the concepts, making it easier for students to understand why a procedure works.In Singapore Math, skills don’t just refer to knowing how to work something out with pencil and paper, but also knowing what tools (calculator, measurement tools,etc.) and technology can be used to help solve a problem. 3. Processes The framework explains that processes â€Å"includes reasoning, communication and connections, thinking skills and heuristics, and application and modeling.†Ã‚   Mathematical reasoning is the ability to look carefully at mathematical situations in a variety of different contexts and logically apply the skills and concepts to problem-solve the situation.Communication is the ability to clearly, concisely and logically use the language of math to explain ideas and mathematical arguments.Connections is the ability to see how math concepts are related to each other, how math is related to other areas of study and how math relates to real life.Thinking skills and heuristics are the skills and techniques that can be used to solve a problem. Thinking skills include things like sequencing, classifying and identifying patterns. Heuristics are the experience-based techniques a child can use to create a representation of a problem, take an educated guess, figure out the process to work through a problem or how to reframe a problem. For example, a child may draw a chart, try to guess and check or solve parts of a problem. These are all learned techniques. Application and modelling is the ability to use what you’ve learned about how to solve problems to choose the best approaches, tools and representations for a certain situation. It’s the most complicated of the processes and takes a lot of practice for children to create math models. 4. Attitudes Children’s are what they think and feel about math. Attitudes are developed by what their experiences with learning math are like.So, a child who has fun while developing a good understanding of concepts and acquiring skills is more likely to have positive ideas about the importance of math and confidence in his ability to solve problems. 5. Metacognition Metacognition sounds really simple but is harder to develop than you might think. Basically, metacognition is the ability to think about how you are thinking.For kids, this means not only being aware of what they are thinking, but also knowing how to control what they are thinking. In math, metacognition is closely tied to being able to explaining what was done to solve it, thinking critically about how the plan works and thinking about alternative ways to approach the problem.The framework of Singapore Math is definitely complicated, but it’s also definitely well thought out and thoroughly defined. Whether you’re an advocate for the method or not so sure about it, a better understanding of the philosophy is key in helping your child with math.